.. Kenneth Lee 版权所有 2019-2020
:Authors: Kenneth Lee :Version: 1.0
单元测试的强与弱问题
最近看了一个项目做的单元测试，很不满意——单元测试框架做得太好了。
单元测试的框架不能做得太好，单元测试的主角是被测试的那个代码，不是单元测试的框 架，把单元测试框架做得太好，结果就是测试效果大打折扣。
这就好比你盖房子，脚手架搭得比房子还漂亮，房子有可能搭的好吗？
我们看一些细节，比如你测试Linux内核的一个模块，这个模块包含了<include/sched.h> ，用到里面的struct task_struct {}。你应该怎么打桩？有人会找一个Linux版本，把这 个结构整个拷贝进来：::
struct task_struct {
#ifdef CONFIG_THREAD_INFO_IN_TASK
/*
* For reasons of header soup (see current_thread_info()), this
* must be the first element of task_struct.
*/
struct thread_info thread_info;
#endif
/* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped: */
volatile long state;
/*
* This begins the randomizable portion of task_struct. Only
* scheduling-critical items should be added above here.
*/
randomized_struct_fields_start
void *stack;
atomic_t usage;
/* Per task flags (PF_*), defined further below: */
unsigned int flags;
unsigned int ptrace;
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
struct llist_node wake_entry;
int on_cpu;
#ifdef CONFIG_THREAD_INFO_IN_TASK
/* Current CPU: */
unsigned int cpu;
#endif
unsigned int wakee_flips;
unsigned long wakee_flip_decay_ts;
struct task_struct *last_wakee;
/*
* recent_used_cpu is initially set as the last CPU used by a task
* that wakes affine another task. Waker/wakee relationships can
* push tasks around a CPU where each wakeup moves to the next one.
* Tracking a recently used CPU allows a quick search for a recently
* used CPU that may be idle.
*/
int recent_used_cpu;
int wake_cpu;
#endif
int on_rq;
int prio;
int static_prio;
int normal_prio;
unsigned int rt_priority;
const struct sched_class *sched_class;
struct sched_entity se;
struct sched_rt_entity rt;
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUP_SCHED
struct task_group *sched_task_group;
#endif
struct sched_dl_entity dl;
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_NOTIFIERS
/* List of struct preempt_notifier: */
struct hlist_head preempt_notifiers;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IO_TRACE
unsigned int btrace_seq;
#endif
unsigned int policy;
int nr_cpus_allowed;
cpumask_t cpus_allowed;
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU
int rcu_read_lock_nesting;
union rcu_special rcu_read_unlock_special;
struct list_head rcu_node_entry;
struct rcu_node *rcu_blocked_node;
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU */
#ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_RCU
unsigned long rcu_tasks_nvcsw;
u8 rcu_tasks_holdout;
u8 rcu_tasks_idx;
int rcu_tasks_idle_cpu;
struct list_head rcu_tasks_holdout_list;
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_TASKS_RCU */
struct sched_info sched_info;
struct list_head tasks;
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
struct plist_node pushable_tasks;
struct rb_node pushable_dl_tasks;
#endif
struct mm_struct *mm;
struct mm_struct *active_mm;
/* Per-thread vma caching: */
struct vmacache vmacache;
#ifdef SPLIT_RSS_COUNTING
struct task_rss_stat rss_stat;
#endif
int exit_state;
int exit_code;
int exit_signal;
/* The signal sent when the parent dies: */
int pdeath_signal;
/* JOBCTL_*, siglock protected: */
unsigned long jobctl;
/* Used for emulating ABI behavior of previous Linux versions: */
unsigned int personality;
/* Scheduler bits, serialized by scheduler locks: */
unsigned sched_reset_on_fork:1;
unsigned sched_contributes_to_load:1;
unsigned sched_migrated:1;
unsigned sched_remote_wakeup:1;
#ifdef CONFIG_PSI
unsigned sched_psi_wake_requeue:1;
#endif
/* Force alignment to the next boundary: */
unsigned :0;
/* Unserialized, strictly 'current' */
/* Bit to tell LSMs we're in execve(): */
unsigned in_execve:1;
unsigned in_iowait:1;
#ifndef TIF_RESTORE_SIGMASK
unsigned restore_sigmask:1;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
unsigned in_user_fault:1;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK
unsigned brk_randomized:1;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUPS
/* disallow userland-initiated cgroup migration */
unsigned no_cgroup_migration:1;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_CGROUP
/* to be used once the psi infrastructure lands upstream. */
unsigned use_memdelay:1;
#endif
/*
* May usercopy functions fault on kernel addresses?
* This is not just a single bit because this can potentially nest.
*/
unsigned int kernel_uaccess_faults_ok;
unsigned long atomic_flags; /* Flags requiring atomic access. */
struct restart_block restart_block;
pid_t pid;
pid_t tgid;
#ifdef CONFIG_STACKPROTECTOR
/* Canary value for the -fstack-protector GCC feature: */
unsigned long stack_canary;
#endif
/*
* Pointers to the (original) parent process, youngest child, younger sibling,
* older sibling, respectively. (p->father can be replaced with
* p->real_parent->pid)
*/
/* Real parent process: */
struct task_struct __rcu *real_parent;
/* Recipient of SIGCHLD, wait4() reports: */
struct task_struct __rcu *parent;
/*
* Children/sibling form the list of natural children:
*/
struct list_head children;
struct list_head sibling;
struct task_struct *group_leader;
/*
* 'ptraced' is the list of tasks this task is using ptrace() on.
*
* This includes both natural children and PTRACE_ATTACH targets.
* 'ptrace_entry' is this task's link on the p->parent->ptraced list.
*/
struct list_head ptraced;
struct list_head ptrace_entry;
/* PID/PID hash table linkage. */
struct pid *thread_pid;
struct hlist_node pid_links[PIDTYPE_MAX];
struct list_head thread_group;
struct list_head thread_node;
struct completion *vfork_done;
/* CLONE_CHILD_SETTID: */
int __user *set_child_tid;
/* CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID: */
int __user *clear_child_tid;
u64 utime;
u64 stime;
#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_SCALED_CPUTIME
u64 utimescaled;
u64 stimescaled;
#endif
u64 gtime;
struct prev_cputime prev_cputime;
#ifdef CONFIG_VIRT_CPU_ACCOUNTING_GEN
struct vtime vtime;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL
atomic_t tick_dep_mask;
#endif
/* Context switch counts: */
unsigned long nvcsw;
unsigned long nivcsw;
/* Monotonic time in nsecs: */
u64 start_time;
/* Boot based time in nsecs: */
u64 real_start_time;
/* MM fault and swap info: this can arguably be seen as either mm-specific or thread-specific: */
unsigned long min_flt;
unsigned long maj_flt;
#ifdef CONFIG_POSIX_TIMERS
struct task_cputime cputime_expires;
struct list_head cpu_timers[3];
#endif
/* Process credentials: */
/* Tracer's credentials at attach: */
const struct cred __rcu *ptracer_cred;
/* Objective and real subjective task credentials (COW): */
const struct cred __rcu *real_cred;
/* Effective (overridable) subjective task credentials (COW): */
const struct cred __rcu *cred;
/*
* executable name, excluding path.
*
* - normally initialized setup_new_exec()
* - access it with [gs]et_task_comm()
* - lock it with task_lock()
*/
char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN];
struct nameidata *nameidata;
#ifdef CONFIG_SYSVIPC
struct sysv_sem sysvsem;
struct sysv_shm sysvshm;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK
unsigned long last_switch_count;
unsigned long last_switch_time;
#endif
/* Filesystem information: */
struct fs_struct *fs;
/* Open file information: */
struct files_struct *files;
/* Namespaces: */
struct nsproxy *nsproxy;
/* Signal handlers: */
struct signal_struct *signal;
struct sighand_struct *sighand;
sigset_t blocked;
sigset_t real_blocked;
/* Restored if set_restore_sigmask() was used: */
sigset_t saved_sigmask;
struct sigpending pending;
unsigned long sas_ss_sp;
size_t sas_ss_size;
unsigned int sas_ss_flags;
struct callback_head *task_works;
struct audit_context *audit_context;
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDITSYSCALL
kuid_t loginuid;
unsigned int sessionid;
#endif
struct seccomp seccomp;
/* Thread group tracking: */
u32 parent_exec_id;
u32 self_exec_id;
/* Protection against (de-)allocation: mm, files, fs, tty, keyrings, mems_allowed, mempolicy: */
spinlock_t alloc_lock;
/* Protection of the PI data structures: */
raw_spinlock_t pi_lock;
struct wake_q_node wake_q;
#ifdef CONFIG_RT_MUTEXES
/* PI waiters blocked on a rt_mutex held by this task: */
struct rb_root_cached pi_waiters;
/* Updated under owner's pi_lock and rq lock */
struct task_struct *pi_top_task;
/* Deadlock detection and priority inheritance handling: */
struct rt_mutex_waiter *pi_blocked_on;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_MUTEXES
/* Mutex deadlock detection: */
struct mutex_waiter *blocked_on;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS
unsigned int irq_events;
unsigned long hardirq_enable_ip;
unsigned long hardirq_disable_ip;
unsigned int hardirq_enable_event;
unsigned int hardirq_disable_event;
int hardirqs_enabled;
int hardirq_context;
unsigned long softirq_disable_ip;
unsigned long softirq_enable_ip;
unsigned int softirq_disable_event;
unsigned int softirq_enable_event;
int softirqs_enabled;
int softirq_context;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_LOCKDEP
# define MAX_LOCK_DEPTH 48UL
u64 curr_chain_key;
int lockdep_depth;
unsigned int lockdep_recursion;
struct held_lock held_locks[MAX_LOCK_DEPTH];
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_UBSAN
unsigned int in_ubsan;
#endif
/* Journalling filesystem info: */
void *journal_info;
/* Stacked block device info: */
struct bio_list *bio_list;
#ifdef CONFIG_BLOCK
/* Stack plugging: */
struct blk_plug *plug;
#endif
/* VM state: */
struct reclaim_state *reclaim_state;
struct backing_dev_info *backing_dev_info;
struct io_context *io_context;
/* Ptrace state: */
unsigned long ptrace_message;
kernel_siginfo_t *last_siginfo;
struct task_io_accounting ioac;
#ifdef CONFIG_PSI
/* Pressure stall state */
unsigned int psi_flags;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TASK_XACCT
/* Accumulated RSS usage: */
u64 acct_rss_mem1;
/* Accumulated virtual memory usage: */
u64 acct_vm_mem1;
/* stime + utime since last update: */
u64 acct_timexpd;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CPUSETS
/* Protected by ->alloc_lock: */
nodemask_t mems_allowed;
/* Seqence number to catch updates: */
seqcount_t mems_allowed_seq;
int cpuset_mem_spread_rotor;
int cpuset_slab_spread_rotor;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUPS
/* Control Group info protected by css_set_lock: */
struct css_set __rcu *cgroups;
/* cg_list protected by css_set_lock and tsk->alloc_lock: */
struct list_head cg_list;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_INTEL_RDT
u32 closid;
u32 rmid;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FUTEX
struct robust_list_head __user *robust_list;
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
struct compat_robust_list_head __user *compat_robust_list;
#endif
struct list_head pi_state_list;
struct futex_pi_state *pi_state_cache;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_PERF_EVENTS
struct perf_event_context *perf_event_ctxp[perf_nr_task_contexts];
struct mutex perf_event_mutex;
struct list_head perf_event_list;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_PREEMPT
unsigned long preempt_disable_ip;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
/* Protected by alloc_lock: */
struct mempolicy *mempolicy;
short il_prev;
short pref_node_fork;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING
int numa_scan_seq;
unsigned int numa_scan_period;
unsigned int numa_scan_period_max;
int numa_preferred_nid;
unsigned long numa_migrate_retry;
/* Migration stamp: */
u64 node_stamp;
u64 last_task_numa_placement;
u64 last_sum_exec_runtime;
struct callback_head numa_work;
struct numa_group *numa_group;
/*
* numa_faults is an array split into four regions:
* faults_memory, faults_cpu, faults_memory_buffer, faults_cpu_buffer
* in this precise order.
*
* faults_memory: Exponential decaying average of faults on a per-node
* basis. Scheduling placement decisions are made based on these
* counts. The values remain static for the duration of a PTE scan.
* faults_cpu: Track the nodes the process was running on when a NUMA
* hinting fault was incurred.
* faults_memory_buffer and faults_cpu_buffer: Record faults per node
* during the current scan window. When the scan completes, the counts
* in faults_memory and faults_cpu decay and these values are copied.
*/
unsigned long *numa_faults;
unsigned long total_numa_faults;
/*
* numa_faults_locality tracks if faults recorded during the last
* scan window were remote/local or failed to migrate. The task scan
* period is adapted based on the locality of the faults with different
* weights depending on whether they were shared or private faults
*/
unsigned long numa_faults_locality[3];
unsigned long numa_pages_migrated;
#endif /* CONFIG_NUMA_BALANCING */
#ifdef CONFIG_RSEQ
struct rseq __user *rseq;
u32 rseq_len;
u32 rseq_sig;
/*
* RmW on rseq_event_mask must be performed atomically
* with respect to preemption.
*/
unsigned long rseq_event_mask;
#endif
struct tlbflush_unmap_batch tlb_ubc;
struct rcu_head rcu;
/* Cache last used pipe for splice(): */
struct pipe_inode_info *splice_pipe;
struct page_frag task_frag;
#ifdef CONFIG_TASK_DELAY_ACCT
struct task_delay_info *delays;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FAULT_INJECTION
int make_it_fail;
unsigned int fail_nth;
#endif
/*
* When (nr_dirtied >= nr_dirtied_pause), it's time to call
* balance_dirty_pages() for a dirty throttling pause:
*/
int nr_dirtied;
int nr_dirtied_pause;
/* Start of a write-and-pause period: */
unsigned long dirty_paused_when;
#ifdef CONFIG_LATENCYTOP
int latency_record_count;
struct latency_record latency_record[LT_SAVECOUNT];
#endif
/*
* Time slack values; these are used to round up poll() and
* select() etc timeout values. These are in nanoseconds.
*/
u64 timer_slack_ns;
u64 default_timer_slack_ns;
#ifdef CONFIG_KASAN
unsigned int kasan_depth;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
/* Index of current stored address in ret_stack: */
int curr_ret_stack;
/* Stack of return addresses for return function tracing: */
struct ftrace_ret_stack *ret_stack;
/* Timestamp for last schedule: */
unsigned long long ftrace_timestamp;
/*
* Number of functions that haven't been traced
* because of depth overrun:
*/
atomic_t trace_overrun;
/* Pause tracing: */
atomic_t tracing_graph_pause;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACING
/* State flags for use by tracers: */
unsigned long trace;
/* Bitmask and counter of trace recursion: */
unsigned long trace_recursion;
#endif /* CONFIG_TRACING */
#ifdef CONFIG_KCOV
/* Coverage collection mode enabled for this task (0 if disabled): */
unsigned int kcov_mode;
/* Size of the kcov_area: */
unsigned int kcov_size;
/* Buffer for coverage collection: */
void *kcov_area;
/* KCOV descriptor wired with this task or NULL: */
struct kcov *kcov;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_MEMCG
struct mem_cgroup *memcg_in_oom;
gfp_t memcg_oom_gfp_mask;
int memcg_oom_order;
/* Number of pages to reclaim on returning to userland: */
unsigned int memcg_nr_pages_over_high;
/* Used by memcontrol for targeted memcg charge: */
struct mem_cgroup *active_memcg;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_CGROUP
struct request_queue *throttle_queue;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_UPROBES
struct uprobe_task *utask;
#endif
#if defined(CONFIG_BCACHE) || defined(CONFIG_BCACHE_MODULE)
unsigned int sequential_io;
unsigned int sequential_io_avg;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_ATOMIC_SLEEP
unsigned long task_state_change;
#endif
int pagefault_disabled;
#ifdef CONFIG_MMU
struct task_struct *oom_reaper_list;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_VMAP_STACK
struct vm_struct *stack_vm_area;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_THREAD_INFO_IN_TASK
/* A live task holds one reference: */
atomic_t stack_refcount;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_LIVEPATCH
int patch_state;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY
/* Used by LSM modules for access restriction: */
void *security;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_GCC_PLUGIN_STACKLEAK
unsigned long lowest_stack;
unsigned long prev_lowest_stack;
#endif
/*
* New fields for task_struct should be added above here, so that
* they are included in the randomized portion of task_struct.
*/
randomized_struct_fields_end
/* CPU-specific state of this task: */
struct thread_struct thread;
/*
* WARNING: on x86, 'thread_struct' contains a variable-sized
* structure. It *MUST* be at the end of 'task_struct'.
*
* Do not put anything below here!
*/
};
够长吧？——不够。
这个结构里面还用了用到了thread_info这个结构呢，然后接着把thread_info也定义进来 ，thread_info又用了另一个结构呢，你又把里面那个解构定义进来？——疯了。
哪里需要这么复杂呢，这样定义就好了：::
struct task_struct {};
然后你用到哪个成员，往里面补一个int member就结了。打桩，打桩。你打的是桩，不是 真东西。你盖的是脚手架，不是房子啊。脚手架的投资比房子大，房子的建设必然受脚手 架的影响的啊。
你桩做得很精巧，很多用例肯定就上不去的呀。(注1）
再来一个例子。比如你的程序调用了remap_pfn_range()，这个桩应该怎么打？有人会这样 打：::
int remap_pfn_range(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
unsigned long pfn, unsigned long size, pgprot_t prot)
{
return 0;
}
真是吃饱没事干，你都没有放用例进去呢，这么复杂干什么？这样就可以啦：::
#define remap_pfn_range(...) 0
还有kmalloc应该怎么打？显然你不需要这样：::
static __always_inline void *kmalloc(size_t size, gfp_t flags)
{
return malloc(size);
}
这样就可以啦：::
char * testcase101_mem[1024];
void *kmalloc(...)
{
if (testcase==101)
return testcase101_mem;
return NULL;
}
这才是打桩。你要测试的是你的程序，你要全部聚焦到你的程序的：
在各种极端的情况下，查找有没有遗漏？资源有没有泄漏？计算结果是否正确？等等等等 。这些逻辑才是核心，核心的不是你的测试桩。比如下面这个程序：::
static inline int my_iommu_map(struct queue *q,
struct qfile_region *qfr)
{
struct device *dev = q->myhw->pdev;
struct iommu_domain *domain = iommu_get_domain_for_dev(dev);
int i, j, ret;
if (!domain)
return -ENODEV;
for (i = 0; i < qfr->nr_pages; i++) {
get_page(qfr->pages[i]);
ret = iommu_map(domain, qfr->iova + i * PAGE_SIZE,
page_to_phys(qfr->pages[i]),
PAGE_SIZE, qfr->prot | q->uacce->prot);
if (ret) {
dev_err(dev, "iommu_map page %i fail %d\n", i, ret);
goto err_with_map_pages;
}
}
return 0;
err_with_map_pages:
for (j = i-1; j >= 0; j--) {
iommu_unmap(domain, qfr->iova + j * PAGE_SIZE, PAGE_SIZE);
put_page(qfr->pages[j]);
}
return ret;
}
你看，单元测试的聚焦点应该是：nr_pages是0， 1， 10的时候，这个流程是不是正确的 。iommu_map()在第一次，中间，最后一次的时候失败的话，是不是所有map过的page都被 释放了，所有page没有被get过。
（实际上，这个流程是有错误的，但肉眼很难看出来，但单元测试可以很轻易找出这个错 误）
而至于page_to_phys()怎么实现，关你鬼事。那是另一个系统实现得对不对，或者你对那 个系统的预期或者理解对不对的问题，那是集成测试的范畴，不是单元测试的范畴。
写程序的时候我很强调每个语句的“语义”，但单元测试的时候，我们要彻底忘掉“语义”， 眼中只有“循环”，“赋值”，“退出”这样的概念。在这个时候，dev_err不是打印， put_page()不是释放，它们都只是流程中的一个“经过点”。你不是要模拟一个真正的错误 日志或者内存释放。你要验证你设计的流程，是不是按你设定的路径在走。
关于单元测试本身的观点，我表达完了，最后说说构架和哲学。很多人觉得，我“严格要求 ”，事事做到“尽善尽美”肯定是没有错的。这是一个很生动的例子：你的观点是不对的。天 之道，高者抑之，下者举之。把事情做成是要动脑子的，是要“准”的，不是要“极致”的。
而不确定目的，无所谓“准”。
所以，我们要警惕两个设计中的常见误区。第一，不定义目的，不考虑目的，只要“努力”。
第二，寻求表面的好看：好比前面我提到的测试框架。开始的时候其实不是这样的，但发 展一段时间以后，或者独立交个一个团队后，这个团队要展现自己的“能力”，“绩效”，就 忍不住要炫技了。对那个团队来说，这个无可厚非。但对架构师来说，让非主角“好看”，“ 强”，就是让主业务“失去关注和重点”，“弱”。强弱的转变，可以发生得很快。
九层之台，起于垒土。在垒土的阶段就应该呈现为垒土，如果这个阶段就呈现为高台，这 个台就垒不起来。
注1：关于是否自己mock所有的头文件的问题
我基于本文和一个实际的例子在部门内部做了一个培训，现场不少人对不使用Linux的全集 头文件来做桩有不同意见。
这个问题首先这样说：你如果能保证聚焦到把各种极端流程都验证过，你怎么打桩，这个 不是关键问题。我们的重点不在这里。我的关注点是你把头文件搭得太好了，你失去了从 结构，定义这些角度注入数据的能力了。如果你的情形是都能解决，我没有意见。
其次是这样，很多人可能有一个误区，觉得这样打桩法，工作量很大。其实你要试一试， 我的经验是，每个模块的对外接口都是有限的，这个工作量其实相当有限。
最后说点玄学。我大学的时候看了很多黄易的武侠小说，里面的超级高手，常常在大战前 做一件事：为自己削一根长矛，或者打一把剑。以保证自己在大战前，对自己的武器有一 个“点点滴滴”的认识。
我个人觉得自己为每个用到的外部接口打桩，作用也在这里。单元测试的目的，说到底是 提升对自己代码的信心。你一两万行的代码，几十个函数，变成一个模块，然后黑盒地扔 到机架上，BIOS中，然后你一跑，有数据出来了。你知道里面经历了什么？该走的流程有 没有走过，各种边界有没有碰过？
UT是一个削长矛的过程，而确切知道，你自己的模块对各种结构的定义是什么。是这个削 长矛过程的一部分，这个必要性，你做一次就发现了。
这是我的经验。
补充2019/5/10：
这个文档上一次编辑的时间是2018年12月，我写完后，对应团队没有接受我的意见，继续 按原来的方案做UT，我给他们留了一句话：你们这样玩，撑不过一年。现在过了不到半年 ，他们的测试例都废了……这个事情证明了我的观点，但我一点都高兴不起来，因为这些资 源一定程度上也是我的。认知是成本，不过如此。