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title: Rust中的PhantomType toc: true cover: 'https://img.paulzzh.com/touhou/random?3' date: 2021-10-20 10:40:46 categories: Rust tags: [Rust]

description: 本文展示了如何在Rust中使用PhantomType消除重复代码;

本文展示了如何在Rust中使用PhantomType消除重复代码;

源代码:

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Rust中的PhantomType

引出问题

如果我们有一个表示距离的类型Meter

examples/0_normal_type.rs

#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
struct Meter {
    value: f64,
}

impl Meter {
    fn new(value: f64) -> Self {
        Self { value }
    }
}

此时我们需要其支持加法和减法运算,因此我们为其实现了AddSub Trait:

impl Add for Meter {
    type Output = Meter;

    fn add(self, another: Meter) -> Self::Output {
        let value = self.value + another.value;
        Meter { value }
    }
}

impl Sub for Meter {
    type Output = Meter;

    fn sub(self, another: Meter) -> Self::Output {
        let value = self.value - another.value;
        Meter { value }
    }
}

测试一下:

fn main() {
    let one = Meter::new(1.1);
    let three = Meter::new(3.3);

    let four = one + three;
    dbg!(&four);

    let two = three - one;
    dbg!(&two);
}

输出如下:

[examples\0_normal_type.rs:37] &four = Meter {
    value: 4.4,
}
[examples\0_normal_type.rs:40] &two = Meter {
    value: 2.1999999999999997,
}

如果此时,我们还需要为KilogramLiter等类型实现相同的逻辑,则需要重复的实现多个AddSub Trait;

虽然我们可以使用过程宏(Macro)实现;

实际上,在Rust中可以使用一个PhantomType来实现,即虚拟的类型!

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使用PhantomType

PhantomType指的是那些在Runtime中实际上并不存在的类型,但是可以帮助代码在编译器对类型做一些限制;

概念上有些类似于Go中泛型的实现;

我们可以定义一个通用类型:Unit<T>并为其实现AddSub Trait;

examples/1_phantom_type.rs

#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
struct Unit<T> {
    value: f64,
}

#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
struct MeterType;
type Meter = Unit<MeterType>;

#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
struct KilogramType;
type Kilogram = Unit<KilogramType>;

上面同时声明了Meter和Kilogram类型,MeterTypeKilogramType的大小都是0;

同时,得益于Rust的零抽象成本,声明的多个类型在运行时没有其他额外开销!

编译上面的代码会报错:

error[E0392]: parameter `T` is never used
  --> src/main.rs:38:13
   |
38 | struct Unit<T> {
   |             ^ unused parameter
   = help: consider removing `T`, referring to it in a field, or using a marker such as `PhantomData`
   = help: if you intended `T` to be a const parameter, use `const T: usize` instead

编译器要求泛型必须要被使用,因此我们修改Unit声明:

#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
struct Unit<T> {
    value: f64,
    unit_type: T,
}

并增加构造函数:

impl<T: Default> Unit<T> {
    fn new(value: f64) -> Self {
        Self {
            value,
            unit_type: T::default(),
        }
    }
}

这里使用的构造函数是在类型T中默认的构造函数,因此避免了此时由于T的类型未确定而无法初始化的问题;

为Unit实现AddSub Trait:

impl<T: Default> Add for Unit<T> {
    type Output = Unit<T>;

    fn add(self, another: Unit<T>) -> Self::Output {
        let new_value = self.value + another.value;
        Unit::new(new_value)
    }
}

impl<T: Default> Sub for Unit<T> {
    type Output = Unit<T>;

    fn sub(self, another: Unit<T>) -> Self::Output {
        let new_value = self.value - another.value;
        Unit::new(new_value)
    }
}

最后,为我们的MeterTypeLiterType类型实现默认构造函数:

impl Default for MeterType {
    fn default() -> Self {
        MeterType
    }
}

impl Default for KilogramType {
    fn default() -> Self {
        KilogramType
    }
}

下面,测试我们的代码:

fn main() {
    let one = Meter::new(1.1);
    let three = Meter::new(3.3);

    let four = one + three;
    dbg!(&four);

    let one = Kilogram::new(1.1);
    let three = Kilogram::new(3.3);

    let four = one + three;
    dbg!(&four);

    // Compiling err!

    // let one = Meter::new(1.1);
    // let three = Kilogram::new(3.3);

    // let four = one + three;
    // dbg!(&four);
}

可以看到,MeterKilogram类型都已经实现了加法;

而对于MeterKilogram相互之间,是无法操作的,完美!

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使用PhantomData

其实在Rust标准库中已经提供了PhantomData类型,用于作为某个结构体数据类型的占位:PhantomData

实际上Rust的编译器已经提醒了我们:

help: consider removing `T`, referring to it in a field, or using a
      marker such as `PhantomData`

官方文档中对PhantomData的说明:

Zero-sized type used to mark things that “act like” they own a T.

一个零大小的类型,用于标志他们对一个T类型的所有权;

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补充PhantomType说明:

Though they both have scary names, PhantomData and ‘phantom types’ are related, but not identical.

A phantom type parameter is simply a type parameter which is never used. In Rust, this often causes the compiler to complain, and the solution is to add a “dummy” use by way of PhantomData.

PhantomData和PhantomType是不同的;

PhantomType仅仅被用于声明一个永远不会被用到的参数,在Rust中经常会导致编译器告警,因此经常会使用PhantomData代替;

下面的代码使用了PhantomData:

examples/2_phantom_data.rs

use std::marker::PhantomData;
use std::ops::{Add, Sub};

#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
struct Unit<T> {
    value: f64,
    unit_type: PhantomData<T>,
}

impl<T> Unit<T> {
    fn new(value: f64) -> Self {
        Self {
            value,
            unit_type: PhantomData,
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
struct MeterType;
type Meter = Unit<MeterType>;

#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
struct KilogramType;
type Kilogram = Unit<KilogramType>;

impl<T> Add for Unit<T> {
    type Output = Unit<T>;

    fn add(self, another: Unit<T>) -> Self::Output {
        let new_value = self.value + another.value;
        Unit::new(new_value)
    }
}

impl<T> Sub for Unit<T> {
    type Output = Unit<T>;

    fn sub(self, another: Unit<T>) -> Self::Output {
        let new_value = self.value - another.value;
        Unit::new(new_value)
    }
}

fn main() {
    let one = Meter::new(1.1);
    let three = Meter::new(3.3);

    let four = one + three;
    dbg!(&four);

    let one = Kilogram::new(1.1);
    let three = Kilogram::new(3.3);

    let four = one + three;
    dbg!(&four);

    // Compiling err!

    // let one = Meter::new(1.1);
    // let three = Kilogram::new(3.3);

    // let four = one + three;
    // dbg!(&four);
}

从上面的代码可以看到,得益于PhantomData:

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附录

源代码:

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