Python 入门教程

Python 是种易学而强大的编程语言. 它包含了高效的高级数据结构, 能够用简单而高效的方式进行面向对象编程.Python 优雅的语法和和动态类型,以及它天然的解释能力, 使其成为了大多数平台上能广泛适用于各领域的理想脚本语言和开发环境.

Python 解释器及其扩展标准库的源码和编译版本可以从 Python 的 Web 站点 https://www.python.org 及其所有镜像站点上获得, 并且可以自由发布.该站点上也提供了 Python 的一些第三方模块, 程序, 工具以及附加的文档.

Python 的解释器可以很容易的通过 C 或者 C++ (或者其它可以通过 C 调用的语言) 扩展新的函式和数据类型.Python 也可以作为定制应用的扩展语言.

本教程向读者介绍 Python 语言及其体系的基本知识与概念. 配合 Python 解释器学习会很有帮助,因为文中己包含所有的完整例子, 所以这本手册也可以离线阅读.

需要有关标准对象和模块的详细介绍的话, 请参阅 The Python Standard Library.而 The Python Language Reference 提供了更多关于语言本身的正式说明.需要编写 C 或 C++ 扩展, 请阅读 Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter 以及 Python/C API Reference Manual.这几部分涵盖了Python 各领域的深入知识.

这份入门教程并未尝试讲解和涵盖 Python 的所有特性,甚至也没有包含所有常用特性.相反的, 只介绍 Python 中最引人注目的功能,这对读者掌握这门语言的风格大有帮助.读完后,你应该已能阅读和编写 Python 模块和程序,接下去就可以从 Python The Python Standard Library 中进一步学习 Python 丰富库和模块.

Glossary 也值得仔细阅读.

• 1. Whetting Your Appetite
• 2. Using the Python Interpreter
  • 2.1. Invoking the Interpreter
    • 2.1.1. Argument Passing
    • 2.1.2. Interactive Mode
  • 2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment
    • 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding
• 3. An Informal Introduction to Python
  • 3.1. Using Python as a Calculator
    • 3.1.1. Numbers
    • 3.1.2. Strings
    • 3.1.3. Lists
  • 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming
• 4. More Control Flow Tools
  • 4.1. if Statements
  • 4.2. for Statements
  • 4.3. The range() Function
  • 4.4. break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops
  • 4.5. pass Statements
  • 4.6. Defining Functions
  • 4.7. More on Defining Functions
    • 4.7.1. Default Argument Values
    • 4.7.2. Keyword Arguments
    • 4.7.3. Arbitrary Argument Lists
    • 4.7.4. Unpacking Argument Lists
    • 4.7.5. Lambda Expressions
    • 4.7.6. Documentation Strings
    • 4.7.7. Function Annotations
  • 4.8. Intermezzo: Coding Style
• 5. Data Structures
  • 5.1. More on Lists
    • 5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks
    • 5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues
    • 5.1.3. List Comprehensions
    • 5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions
  • 5.2. The del statement
  • 5.3. Tuples and Sequences
  • 5.4. Sets
  • 5.5. Dictionaries
  • 5.6. Looping Techniques
  • 5.7. More on Conditions
  • 5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types
• 6. Modules
  • 6.1. More on Modules
    • 6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts
    • 6.1.2. The Module Search Path
    • 6.1.3. "Compiled" Python files
  • 6.2. Standard Modules
  • 6.3. The dir() Function
  • 6.4. Packages
    • 6.4.1. Importing * From a Package
    • 6.4.2. Intra-package References
    • 6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories
• 7. Input and Output
  • 7.1. Fancier Output Formatting
    • 7.1.1. Old string formatting
  • 7.2. Reading and Writing Files
    • 7.2.1. Methods of File Objects
    • 7.2.2. Saving structured data with json
• 8. Errors and Exceptions
  • 8.1. Syntax Errors
  • 8.2. Exceptions
  • 8.3. Handling Exceptions
  • 8.4. Raising Exceptions
  • 8.5. User-defined Exceptions
  • 8.6. Defining Clean-up Actions
  • 8.7. Predefined Clean-up Actions
• 9. Classes
  • 9.1. A Word About Names and Objects
  • 9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces
    • 9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example
  • 9.3. A First Look at Classes
    • 9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax
    • 9.3.2. Class Objects
    • 9.3.3. Instance Objects
    • 9.3.4. Method Objects
    • 9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables
  • 9.4. Random Remarks
  • 9.5. Inheritance
    • 9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance
  • 9.6. Private Variables
  • 9.7. Odds and Ends
  • 9.8. Iterators
  • 9.9. Generators
  • 9.10. Generator Expressions
• 10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library
  • 10.1. Operating System Interface
  • 10.2. File Wildcards
  • 10.3. Command Line Arguments
  • 10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination
  • 10.5. String Pattern Matching
  • 10.6. Mathematics
  • 10.7. Internet Access
  • 10.8. Dates and Times
  • 10.9. Data Compression
  • 10.10. Performance Measurement
  • 10.11. Quality Control
  • 10.12. Batteries Included
• 11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library --- Part II
  • 11.1. Output Formatting
  • 11.2. Templating
  • 11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts
  • 11.4. Multi-threading
  • 11.5. Logging
  • 11.6. Weak References
  • 11.7. Tools for Working with Lists
  • 11.8. Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic
• 12. Virtual Environments and Packages
  • 12.1. Introduction
  • 12.2. Creating Virtual Environments
  • 12.3. Managing Packages with pip
• 13. What Now?
• 14. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
  • 14.1. Tab Completion and History Editing
  • 14.2. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter
• 15. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations
  • 15.1. Representation Error
• 16. Appendix
  • 16.1. Interactive Mode
    • 16.1.1. Error Handling
    • 16.1.2. Executable Python Scripts
    • 16.1.3. The Interactive Startup File
    • 16.1.4. The Customization Modules